Ghost kitchens (or dark/virtual/cloud kitchens) are professional cooking facilities that prepare food exclusively for delivery or pickup, without a storefront or dining area, relying heavily on food delivery apps for orders and customer reach

Michelinization is the process by which local culinary practices, dishes, or street foods are evaluated, transformed, or standardized according to elite, globalized culinary standards, typically associated with Michelin guides but not limited to them.

Luxury ingredients such as saffron (Iran, Spain, India), truffles (Italy, France), vanilla (Madagascar, Indonesia), and caviar (Russia, Iran) are rare, labor-intensive, and culturally significant foods whose scarcity gives them high economic and symbolic value. Their production is concentrated in specific regions.

Occupational duty refers to responsibilities individuals hold by virtue of their occupational role, including duties that may extend beyond formally specified or contractually agreed tasks.

Moralisation refers to framing the fulfilment of such duties in moral terms.

Labour-market-driven pedagogy refers to educational approaches in which curriculum design, teaching methods, or learning objectives are primarily shaped by perceived labour-market needs, such as employer-desired skills, workforce shortages, or anticipated future jobs.

The extreme right of the political spectrum involves ideologies like fascism, ultranationalism, authoritarianism, and nativism, characterized by extreme nationalism, rejection of liberal democracy, emphasis on hierarchy (often racial or national), strict social order, strong central leadership, and often xenophobia.

Freehold land rights refer to a system of land tenure in which individuals or entities hold permanent, exclusive ownership of land, including the right to use, transfer, exclude others, and bequeath the land, subject to general laws and regulations.

Global North urban planning models refer to approaches to city design, regulation, and governance developed primarily in high-income, industrialised countries, including assumptions about land use, infrastructure, housing, transport, and public space.

Standardising rental agreements refers to the use of legally defined or state-approved baseline rental contract terms, such as provisions on lease duration, renewal, eviction procedures, maintenance responsibilities, and tenant–landlord rights and obligations.

Housing market bubble refers to a situation in which housing prices rise significantly above levels justified by underlying fundamentals (such as income, rents, or demand), often driven by speculation, and which may be followed by market instability, stagnation, or decline when expectations adjust.